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The Slavic autonym is reconstructed in Proto-Slavic as '' *Slověninъ'', plural '' *Slověně''. The oldest documents written in Old Church Slavonic and dating from the 9th century attest Словѣне ''Slověne'' to describe the Slavs. Other early Slavic attestations include Old East Slavic Словѣнѣ ''Slověně'' for "an East Slavic group near Novgorod." However, the earliest written references to the Slavs under this name are in other languages. In the 6th century AD Procopius, writing in Byzantine Greek, refers to the ''Sklaboi'', ''Sklabēnoi'', ''Sklauenoi'', ''Sthlauenoi'', or Σκλαβῖνοι ''Sklabinoi'',〔Procopius, ''History of the Wars,\'', VII. 14. 22–30, VIII.40.5〕 while his contemporary Jordanes refers to the ''Sclaveni'' in Latin.〔Jordanes, ''The Origin and Deeds of the Goths,'' V.33.〕 The Slavic autonym '' *Slověninъ'' is usually considered a derivation from ''slovo'' "word", originally denoting "people who speak (the same language)," i.e. people who understand each other, in contrast to the Slavic word denoting "foreign people" – ''němci'', meaning "mumbling, murmuring people" (from Slavic '' *němъ'' – "mumbling, mute"). The latter word may be the derivation of words to denote German/Germanic people in many later Slavic languages: e.g., Czech ''Němec'', Slovak ''Nemec'', Slovene ''Nemec'', Belarusian, Russian and Bulgarian ''Немец'', Serbian ''Немац, ''Serbian'', ''Bosnian'' and ''Croatian'' Nijemac'', Polish ''Niemiec'', Ukrainian ''Німець'', etc.,〔Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), ''Language and Nationalism in Europe'' (2000), p. 193.〕 but another theory states that rather these words are derived from the name of the Nemetes tribe,〔''The Journal of Indo-European studies'' 1974, (v.2 )〕〔(Etymology of the Polish-language word for Germany ) 〕 which is derived from the Celtic root ''nemeto-''.〔Xavier Delamarre (2003). ''Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise.'' Éditions Errance, p. 233.〕〔John T. Koch (2006). ''Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia.'' ABC-CLIO, p. 1351.〕 The English word Slav could be derived from the Middle English word ''sclave'', which was borrowed from Medieval Latin ''sclavus'' or ''slavus'',〔(Slav ), on Oxford Dictionaries〕 itself a borrowing and Byzantine Greek ''sklábos'' "slave," which was in turn apparently derived from a misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym (denoting a speaker of their own languages). The Byzantine term ''Sklavinoi'' was loaned into Arabic as ''Saqaliba صقالبة'' (sing. ''Saqlabi صقلبي'') by medieval Arab historiographers. However, the origin of this word is disputed.〔F. Kluge, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. 2002, siehe «Sklave»〕〔Ф. М. Достоевский. Полное собрание сочинений: в 30-ти т. Т. 23. М., 1990, с. 63, 382.〕 Alternative proposals for the etymology of '' *Slověninъ'' propounded by some scholars have much less support. B.P. Lozinski argues that the word '' *slava'' once had the meaning of ''worshipper,'' in this context meaning "practicer of a common Slavic religion," and from that evolved into an ethnonym.〔Lozinski B.P., ''The Name SLAV'', Essays in Russian History, Archon Books, 1964.〕 S.B. Bernstein speculates that it derives from a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European ', cognate to Ancient Greek λαός ''laós'' "population, people," which itself has no commonly accepted etymology.〔Bernstein 1961〕 Meanwhile others have pointed out that the suffix -enin indicates a man from a certain place, which in this case should be a place called Slova or Slava, possibly a river name. The Old East Slavic ''Slavuta'' for the Dnieper River was argued by Henrich Bartek (1907–1986) to be derived from ''slova'' and also the origin of Slovene.〔''Etudes slaves et est-européennes: Slavic and East-European studies'', Volume 3 (1958), p.107.〕 Last scientific opinions about the earliest mentions of Slavic raids across the lower River Danube show that they may be dated to the first half of the 6th century, yet no archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before c. 600 AD.〔Florin Curta, Archeologické rozhledy LXI, 2009〕〔Koleva, R. 1993: Slavic settlement on the territory of Bulgaria. In: J. Pavúk ed., Actes du XII-e Congre's international des sciences préhistoriques et protohistoriques. Bratislava, 1–7 septembre 1991 IV, Bratislava,17–19.〕〔Angelova, S. – Koleva, R. 2007: Archäologische Zeugnisse frühslawischer Besiedlung in Bulgarien. In: J. Henning ed., Post-Roman Towns, Trade, and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium, Berlin – New York, 481–508.〕 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Slavs (ethnonym)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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